The Theory Of Right Self Determination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3857 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This dissertation focuses on the conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh; the origins of the conflict, its present state and the possible future. Throughout the dissertation several key aspects and theories of International relations are analysed, such as: peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination, the concept of nation-state and conflict resolution. Firstly, the relevant theories of International relations are explored and an attempt is made to compare them with reality and to show their use in the real world. Secondly, a historical background of the conflict is described, followed by a description of the conflict from 1988 to 1995 and the peace talks. Thirdly, an analysis of the future of NK is examined, pointing out possible solutions and forms of reconciliation. Moreover, relevant questions are individually looked at. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Theory Of Right Self Determination" essay for you Create order For over ten years NK has been on a path of nation-state building. NK sees itself as an independent republic, even with lack of international recognition. NK has a population of 141,000 and an area that covers 11,458.38  km2. (Official website of the President of NK, https://www.president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/ , accessed on March 2, 2011). The map below show the situation of NK, they show both the NK Autonomous Oblast and the present NK state boundaries that include the occupied territories of Azerbaijan: THEORY: RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION As this dissertation deals with the de facto state of Nagorno-Karabakh, it analyses and explores International Law concerning peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination and the consequent recognition of their state. Chapter 1, Article 1, part 2 of the United Nations Charter created in 1945 states that the aim of the UN is to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Article 1, part 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 states the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (United Nations Charter 1945, available at: https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ [accessed March 2 2011]) Moreover, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of 24th October 1970 declares that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and every State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, available at https://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm [accessed march 2 2011]) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (UN General Assembly, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970,  available at: https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dda1f104.html  [accessed March 2 2011] ). These legal statements show the core understanding and acceptance of the international community regarding the idea of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination. Even though some core aspects of these declarations can be vague in their practical sense, their overall message is not contested. By taking into account these and other declarations, the case for the people of NK becomes clearer. Presently, the problem lies with the idea that NK peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination collides with Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to sovereignty, so what is the solution? According to Dr. Otto Luchterhandt, the director of East European Research Department (University of Hamburg): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The right to self-determination is not only a political principle but a rule of existing international law. The people of Nagorny Karabakh are the subject of the right to self-determination. The people of Nagorny Karabakh can claim for the highest level fulfilment of the law of self-determination à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" secession from the state of Azerbaijan because on the one hand its restriction to the status of a national minority stands in no reasonable relation to its legitimate interests in development and protection, and on the other hand the measure of its oppression has reached such unbearable proportions, that remaining in the federation of Azerbaijan has become unacceptable and it has announced it will for self-determination in an unmistakable and convincing manner.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Luchterhandt, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Nagorny Karabakhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Right to State Independence According to International Law, Boston, 1993) To use international law in a discussion in the case for NK, specific proof has to be shown. There is also the argument that juridical legitimacy of borders and territorial integrity works against the self-determination principle, however this cannot be taken into account in the case of Azerbaijan SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic). Firstly, it must be stated that NK was an autonomous oblast (an administrative unit) within the Azerbaijan SSR, and that Azerbaijan SSR was not defined by state borders, it was defined by administrative borders, therefore the Helsinki Agreement Final Act in 1975 concerning territorial integrity cannot be applied. As Francois Mitterrand said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why should the interior administrative borders of a state be automatically recognised as international ones? (Zargarian,1999). Secondly, on the 31st August 19941 the Azerbaijan SSR confirmed the restoration of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan that had been created from 1918 to 1920. This declaration leaves to question the legality of the present Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s borders, including the territories of NK, territories surrounding NK and Nakhijevan, as none of these were part of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. In addition, it is well documented that in December 1920, Azerbaijan SSR accepted the territories of NK and Nakhijevan as belonging to Armenia. These declarations were later altered by Stalin, which at the times was Commissar of Nationalities. To further analyse, the value of state sovereignty of Azerbaijan should be graded as lower than the importance of sovereignty of a state in a normal situation, with reference to the system of states in the League of Nations, therefore it is lower than the NK peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination. (Raschhofer, 1960) This notion gives support to the national right to self-determination of NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people in right to secession over Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s state sovereignty. (Luchterhandt, 1993). To conclude, as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh was founded after a referendum on state independence on 10th December 1991, resulting in a 98% acceptance, and in agreement with international and Soviet law, it should ultimately be acknowledged as genuine under international law. Moreover, precedent of Eritrea can be used, which showed that self proclamation leads to be under the power of international law. NK relationship with other countries, international organisations, and treaties such as the Geneva Convention, all give power for self-determination. HISTORY The name Nagorno-Karabakh has a mixture of 3 languages; Nagorno is in Russian meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mountainousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and Karabakh is in Turkic and Farsi meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Black Gardenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, the Armenians call it Artsakh, as it was one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, and it is mentioned as early as second century BC: the ancient provinces of Artsakh and Utik, situated between Lake Sevan, river Kara and river Araxes. (Strabo, 1st century BC.) During the centuries, NK has been mainly populated by ethnic Armenians, however there were periods in which during conquests other ethnic groups would settle, such as Caucasian Tatars, Caucasian Albanians (no connection to Albanians in Balkans), Persians and Turkic tribes. The recent conflict with Azerbaijan has unleashed a historical fact finding war, where the Azeris lay historical claims to these lands, and the Armenians refute them. The people living in NK point out to the obvious evidence, such as hundreds of ruins, ancient monuments, religious building, churches and monasteries. (Tchilingirian,1999). As one farmer said in regard to this: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This monastery (Monastery of Gandzasar) kept us Armenian, the writings on these walls made us know who we are. There is a khachkar (cross-stone), the size of a car, on top of this mountain; our ancestors placed it there to indicate that this is Armenian landà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Martakert, 1995). To review the history of Artsakh a new dissertation can be written, therefore to keep in line with this dissertation, a review of more recent history is made. After 1918, when the Georgians, Armenians and Azeris took advantage of the chaos of the Russian Revolution to establish independent states, war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, however by 1921 all three republic were under the rule of the Red Army. (Swietochowski, 1985) Originally, the Bolsheviks determined NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problem: The Chairman of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom), Narimanov declared: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The government of Workers and Peasants of Azerbaijan, having heard the news of the proclamation in Armenia in the name of the insurgent peasantry of the Soviet Socialist Republic, salutes the victory of the fraternal Armenian people. From this day forward, the former borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are suspended. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia. Long live the fraternity and union of workers and peasants of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (L. Chorbajian, P. Donabedian, C. Mutafian, 1994) The decision by Narimanov was acclaimed by the ethnic Armenians which thought that it was a fair decision. Moreover, Narimanov declared: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no territorial conflict will cause bloodshed between these two age-old neighbourly peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. ( Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994). Yerevanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s central authority henceforth declared: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armeniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Libaridian, 2004) This announcement was never realised, even if it was at the beginning supported by Stalin. Stalinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view was that Karabagh should be given to Azerbaijan, in an effort to increase friendly relations with Turkey, which by then had aspirations to be a communist state. (Lane, 1992) It must be understood that Turks and Azeris are ethnically the same people. Even though the decision over NK was reached on July 4th 1921 in the Kavburo (Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armeniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Libaridian, 2004) The Kars and Moscow treaties were signed in October, giving Azerbaijan the control of NK. Thus, NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Armenian populations (90% of NK) desire to unite with Armenia was ignored, creating ethnic tensions that would eventually end in full scale war. The Armenians tried to relocate NK to Armenia SSR in 1929, 1935, 1963, 1966, 1977 and 1987. The main reasons were the anti-Armenian discrimination, demographic shifts and economic underdevelopment. (Ulubabian, 1994) The Armenian population had declined by 25% from 1920 to 1979, due to hardships created by these discriminatory attitudes. The modern conflict started on February 1988, when due to the glasnost policy created by Gorbachev and its subsequent openness, the NK authorities asked to transfer the NK Autonomous Oblast to Armenia SSR. The reaction in Azerbaijan SSR was negative, as in 13th June it rejected this demand, on the other hand Armenia SSR on 15th June gave acceptance to this request. Due to the argument between Azerbaijan SSR and Armenia SSR, Moscow had to decide, and since Articles 73 and 78 of the 1977 USSR Constitution states that borders may only be changed if both republics agree on the change, NK stayed under Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SSR authority, until the Soviet Union broke down in 1991. The conflict itself started with violence and ethnic-cleansing, with guerrilla warfare. Pogroms against Armenians started in Sumgait (near Baku) in February 1988 and in January 1990 in Baku. The Armenians of Baku (approximately 220,000) and from other parts of Azerbaijan were forced to flee, except in areas of NK. In return, Azeris in Armenia (160,000) were forced to leave, however no pogroms and mass violence was recorded, unlike in Baku. It was not until Yeltsin came to power that Russia sided with the Armenians, as before the USSR broke down the USSR Army was helping the Azeris. The Russians helped the Armenians with weapons, fuel and logistical support. The reason the Russians sided with the Armenians was because it was against Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pro-Turkey and pro-Western positions. (Betts, 1999). Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view was that Armenia was its only ally in the South Caucasus, and due to its geopolitical situation in regard to Turkey in Iran, help should be given. Full scale war broke out between 1991 and 1994 among the Azeri Army and the irregular Armenian guerrilla fighters. At the beginnings of 1992 the Azeris were in control of nearly half of NK, forcing out Armenian civilians as they advanced. Spring 1992 was when the advantage turned towards the Armenians, as their offensive pushed the Azeris to retreat. Once the city of Shushi was captured in May 8 1992, the Armenians had control of NK and the surrounding territories. It must be noted that the Armenian side was mostly fought by guerrilla fighters, which did not respond to any central authority in NK or Armenia. Most of the fighters or Fedayeen (Freedom Fighters), as the Armenians call them, were ordinary people without training or military weapons. The Armenians were helped by the Diaspora, which sent money, weapons and volunteers to help. The Azeri side brought mercenaries from Chechnya and mujahedeen from Pakistan and Afghanistan (approximately 3,000 fighters). (Taarnby, Michael. 2008 ) In May 1994 a cease fire was signed with Russia as intermediary in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The ceasefire was signed by the Azerbaijani authorities and General Babayan from the NK Armed forces. The result of the war was that the Armenians ended up controlling 20% of Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s territory. An estimated 4,500 people died and 25,00 wounded from the Armenian side, and an estimated 30,000 died and 60,000 wounded on the Azeri side. (De Waal, 2003). CEASE FIRE AND PEACE TALKS Before the ceasefire agreement mediated by Russia, several attempts were made to find a solution. The first attempt was by Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev on September 1991, it gave no fruit. Next mediation was by Iran on February 1992. Since Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s historical relationship with both the Armenians and the Azeris was close, it attempted to increase its dominance in the region, especially to push Turkey aside. The Tehran conference did not reach to any agreement. After this, CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) started to arbitrate, it also pressed Iran out of the negotiations, as the latter was not a member of CSCE, On August 1992, Nazarbayev tried again, but the mediation led to nowhere. CSCE tried on several occasions from 1992 until December 1994 to reach an agreement for both sides, but itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inexperience and Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parallel involvement made it fail. From May 1994, when the ceasefire was signed, several propositions were laid on the negotiation table, but NK was only to agree to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“comp lete packageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, while Azerbaijan pushed for a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“step by stepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? approach. (Mooradian, 1999) To date, there has been no concrete agreement between the two parts. The main mediator is the Minsk Group, created in 1993 by the CSCE (now OSCE), even though the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan have met on various occasions, NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s government is still left out of any negotiations. CAN KOSOVO BE USED AS AN EXAMPLE? After the recognition of Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence, many other de facto states looked closely to see if it would set an example. Even though the states that have recognised Kosovo state that Kosovo cannot be used as a precedent, others may argue that it can and has. The main reason the international community uses to implicate the uniqueness of Kosovo is that it has been under UN and international control, while other de facto states like NK, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have not. To analyse the relevance of Kosovo, a comparison is made. The similarities with NK are various: both consist of a minority that sees itself discriminated, both conflicts started in an era of transition brought by the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both held referendums and used the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination idea. The differences must also be noted: NK can argue that before the transition era, it already was an Autonomous Oblast. NK has existed for longer, with relative better stability, and has made more progress on state-building, even though it received less international attention and financial support. (Murinson, 2004) Other differences are that NK is not accepted as a negotiating part in the peace process, Armenia acts as itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ representative. It can be argued that the Kosovo can be used as an example of a state gaining independence, however, the international community argues that it is a unique case, however this does not limit the political ramifications it has brought. Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence has given hope to other de facto states, who argue that in all, they should have a better chance in gaining independence than Kosovo. As the former President of NK stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If the world community is ready to recognize the independence of Kosovo, I think it will be very hard for them to explain why they do not recognize Nagorno-Karabakhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Yakubyan, 2006) And as the Speaker of NK Parliament said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A serious basis for the international recognition of our sovereignty, we have held free elections for 16 years, law-enforcement bodies are formed, powers are divided, [the] army is under civil controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Karabakh Has Serious Grounds for International Recognition of Sovereignty «, in: Karabakh Open, 20 February 2008) To explain why Kosovo deserves international recognition and other de facto states in very similar positions do not is very hard, even by the same international community that accepted Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence. The reasons can vary from the official statement that Kosovo has been under international control, while other have not, but it is also correct to assume that other factors such as mutual interests among regional powers. Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement in the NK peace process has many times thrown the Minsk Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s propositions away, as Russia can benefit from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no peace no warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? situation over NK: it sells arms and heavy weaponry to both Armenia and Azerbaijan, arming both sides. WHY HAS ARMENIA NOT RECOGNISED NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S INDEPENDENCE? This question is very interesting in the sense that it would be logical that Armenia should be the first country in recognising the independence of NK, however there is one main reason of why it has not. The official Armenian response to these questions is that since Armenia has started: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An international legal process of settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh  conflict, and this is why Armenia has still not recognized the enclaves independenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It  is for  the  same reason that Armenia has not recognized the independence of Kosovo, Oleg   Yesayan,   Armenian   ambassador   to   Belarus. (Alima Bissenova. (2008). Armenia links issue of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia to N.-Karabakh. Available: https://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=taxonomy/term/4page=6. Last accessed 20th January 2011.) However, due to the recent statements by Azerbaijan of taking NK back by force has made the Armenian side declare that it would recognise NK if war started: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Armenia is categorically against a military resolution of the problem. In the event Azerbaijan unleashes a new military venture, Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize de jure the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and provide for the safety of its population through all means,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? President of Armenia, Serge Sarkisian Astana, Kazakhstan, December 2010. EuroAsia. (2010). Armenia Says Will Recognize Karabakh In Case Of War. Available: https://www.eurasianet.org/node/62556. Last accessed 20th January 2011 One could argue that Armenia should recognise NK, in the same manner as Russia has recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The recognition of NK would give Armenia legal right to aid NK in case war started with Azerbaijan. Moreover, some argue that if Armenia does not recognise NK in the foreseeable future, the status and issue of NK could be forgotten to history, as it would lose its momentum in the pursuit for recognition. RECOMENDATIONS From the overall analysis of the NK conflict and other similar conflicts around the world, some basic and concrete to the NK case recommendations can be made: OSCE and other international peace organisations should look to include NK in the negotiation process as an independent actor, like they did with the ceasefire agreement. International organisations should pave the way to stipulate better assurances for non resumption of armed conflict. The line of fire should be closely observed for ceasefire violations. Programs should be developed in order to teach both societies about tolerance, reconciliation and mutual respect. International organisations should look to integrate the public in debates and discussions, and rely less on top-down approaches. (Faber, 2005) International organisations should push for a peacekeeping force to be deployed on the contact line, it should also try to organise a new referendum under the eyes of international observers, henceforth push for a lawful democratisation and a peace settlement. (Freizer, 2006) Governments in Armenia, NK, and Azerbaijan should start to include conflict resolution and prevention, peace building and peacekeeping, human rights programmes at schools and universities, in order to increase public awareness. NGOs should create projects along with the civil society to educate the population about the conflict and conciliation for peace. Finally, an international recognition of NK would ensure a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and would make NK answerable to international law. Moreover, NK would have access to loans from the IMF or the WB, thus being able to develop better as a state. Open borders with Azerbaijan would bolster trade, and maybe bring trust between the people. CONCLUSION The conflict of NK is very complicated to be able to analyse without going into much detail. There are many arguments for and against certain strategies, using international law, international recognition, state sovereignty, refugees, and many others, but one thing is being ignored; the fact that NK has been acting like any other recognised democratic state for over 15 years. NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human rights violations, degree of democracy and transparency and corruption are all better than Armenia or Azerbaijan, (Freedom House, 2011) yet still there is little advance among the international community in recognising NK. Some may add that the West uses double standards: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve got used to the double standards of the West. I believe that the people of South Ossetia have much more reason for gaining independence than the Kosovan Albanians.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Yuri Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia). In my opinion, the West does not fully use double stan dards, but approaches the question very surgically, since it understands the uniqueness of every conflict, and that it could be disastrous to use one peace settlement in another area, as every conflict has its own inimitable dynamics. I think that NK pace to independence is correct, as sooner or later it will have to be recognised, it should continue developing its government in order to set an example. In the near future two outcomes are possible, either an international recognition of NK or war will break out, it is inevitable, as both sides continue arming themselves, therefore it in my opinion it is in the best interest that of the international community to prevent such hostilities by recognizing NK. As Chekov said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If in the first act you have hung a pistol on the wall, then in the following one it should be fired. Otherwise dont put it there. (A. P. Chekhov, in Teatr i iskusstvo 1904, No. 28, 11 July, p. 521)

Managerial Accounting Hilton Quiz1 Answers - 1526 Words

Multiple Choice Quiz (See related pages) Results Reporter | | Out of 15 questions, you answered 2 correctly with a final grade of 13% | | | | | | 2 correct (13%) | | | | 12 incorrect (80%) | | | | 1 unanswered (7%) | | | Your Results: | The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form | 1 INCORRECT | | Which of the following organizations would be least likely to have a company objective involving the maximization of shareholder value? | | | A) | The Walt Disney Company | | | B) | Marriot Hotels | | | C) | Southwest Airlines | | | D) | The American Red Cross | | | E) | All of the above organizations would be equally likely†¦show more content†¦LO 3 | | 6 INCORRECT | | Which of the following statements is false? | | | A) | Managerial accounting need not conform to GAAP. | | | B) | Managerial accounting reports typically focus on the enterprise in its entirety. | | | C) | Managerial accounting is not required. | | | D) | Financial accounting is required. | | | E) | Managerial accounting does not require a separate accounting system | | | | | | Feedback:Exhibit 1-3. Financial accounting reports focus on the enterprise in its entirety. Managerial accounting need not conform to GAAP and it is not required. LO 4 | | 7 CORRECT | | Which of the following positions is most likely a staff position? | | | A) | Production manager | | | B) | Marketing manager | | | C) | Inventory manager | | | D) | Sales manager | | | E) | None of the above | | | | | | Feedback:All of the managers listed here are directly involved in the provision of goods or services and are therefore in line positions. Managers in staff positions are only indirectly involved in the

Relationship between Private and Public Sector Economies Free Essays

Public sector affects the private sector in such a way that the government can impede to the abusing powers of the private sector or provide guidance to the private sector to gain stability depending on the condition which both sector is situated. The welfare of the consumers and the entire society is the priority of the government; therefore, government policies can either support the private sector or the other way around. Public sector arises if the private sector abuses their market power in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Private and Public Sector Economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like for instance, companies that have patent rights over a certain type of medicine or drug have the tendency to over price their products thereby creating much burden on the consumers especially those that are considered poor and less privilege. If this scenario happens, then, this is the right time when the government can step in and restrict the said concerned company through certain market barriers like government policies such as price ceiling/floor price to restrict the increase of prices in the market. Furthermore, the government could also produce generic drugs in the market, with same medical effect but of cheaper price for the poor and less privilege people. With this, the government is able to fulfill their role as the provider of basic needs of every citizen such as medical accessibility plus restricting the private company from overcharging the consumers for their products. It is now therefore clear that public sector only rises whenever the private sector cannot produce a certain product efficiently or the private sector already abuses their power and causes much burden on the consumers in the market. On the other hand, private sector rises whenever the government inefficiently produces a certain type of good or services or has the possibility that government officials only abuses their power while holding a government-owned company (adbi.org, 2008). One great example into this would be the production of electricity in the domestic market. Most countries give this industry to the private sector since the government only acquires tremendous amount of financial losses contributing to the budget deficit of the government. In this regard, the government already gives way for the private sector to step in. for as long as the private sector can reasonable operates in the market, then, there is no room for the government to intervene giving way for the rise of public sector. The private sector also provides income to the government and this is the most reason why government allows private sector to dominate the production of goods and services in the market (Adb.org, 2006). On the other hand, private sector gets benefits from the public sector in the form of government subsidies and other helpful policies like lower tax rate from operating the market. At the end of the day, public and private sector have a mutual relationship with one another since both of them benefits from simultaneously existing in the economy. Public sector basically encompasses all the goods and services that are provided by the government (Cox, 2005). Like what is mentioned above earlier, the provision of generic drugs or medicine is already considered as one of the public sector since it is being provided by the government and this is one of the main component of the public sector- goods and services under this sector is being provided by the government. Another example of this would be the national defense, social security and the urban planning administration. On the other hand, private sector is primarily being comprised by goods and services that are made in the purpose of making profit in the market. Companies in this sector are profit driven and only motivated to produce goods and services in the market not because of charity and social service rather to make earnings. This what makes the private sector different from the public sector – their purpose for providing a given product or service in the domestic market (Sasagawa, 2008). In the end, despite of the difference on the intentions of the private and public sector, they still able to work effectively by providing harmony in the market towards the attainment of impressive economic growth for the country. Political policies for the public sector would be very much different for that of the private sector since these two sectors have different reason from existing in the market. Most of the policies concerning the public sector concentrate on the influence of the government over the management of the production of goods and services under this sector (uni-koblenz.de, 2008). In other words, the government has the entire power to interfere in the operation of a company/organization operating under the public sector like the wage rate of the workers in the public sector. Most of the times, policies in this sectors concentrates on the minimization of cost of providing services and/or goods to the public since public sector’s companies get their budget from the government. In other words, the government, as much as possible, controls the management of the public sectors in order to see that they provide the highest possible quality of product and services in the market and at the sam e time minimizing the cost of their provision of goods and services as much as possible. On the other hand, political policies for the private sector focuses mainly on the restrictions that the government will impose the private entities especially if the latter already abuses their market power. Furthermore, the government could also implement political policies such as high tax for private entities in order for the government to generate more revenue. Import/export quota are also some of the government policies that directly affects the level of operation and production of a given private company in the market. Nevertheless, there are some policies that both sectors can be addressed like the policy on the increasing the minimum wage rate of the workers in the labor market. Only the policies concerning the factors of production are the only time wherein both sectors will be affected by one political policy like the increasing of wage rate of workers in the labor market. References Adb.org (2006). Private Sector Development. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from www.adb.org/documents/policies/private_sector/PSD-strategic-framework-2006.pdf adbi.org (2008). The Growing Role of Private Sector. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from http://www.adbi.org/book/2004/10/07/602.private.sector.prc/the.growing.role.of.private.sector/ Cox, M. (2005). The Public Sector Components that Promote Sustainable Development and Construction. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from www.cce.ufl.edu/the%20public%20sector%20components%20that%20promote%20sustainable%20development%20%2 Sasagawa, T. (2008). The Relationship between the Public and Private Sectors in 20th Century in Japan. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from www.ua.es/es/internacional/eisenhower/SASAGAWA.pdf Uni-koblenz.de (2008). Governance of the Public-Private-Civic Sector Relationships. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from http://www.uni-koblenz.de/FB4/Contrib/EGOVRTD2020/navigation/work_packages/wp4_roadmapping/ppcrelations How to cite Relationship between Private and Public Sector Economies, Essay examples

Nokia Microsoft Alliance free essay sample

Microsoft would in turn provide support to Nokia in selling its new Windows Phone powered smartphones. Nokia’s Canadian CEO, Stephen Elop, and Steve Ballmer, his Microsoft counterpart, announced that Nokia would make Windows Phone its main phone platform, a move that effectively confirms that Nokia’s own platforms, Symbian and MeeGo, were uncompetitive and they would be tossed onto the technology scrap heap. There were mixed reactions from analysts to the alliance between Nokia and Microsoft. The challenge before the senior management at Nokia and Microsoft was how to make the alliance work. Nokia once dominated the market for standard â€Å"feature phones† and smartphones, the Internetenabled, multi-media devices that are becoming must-have tools for the business and high-end consumer markets. But Nokia’s Symbian OS has not proved popular with consumers, who have been migrating en masse to Android and Apple phones. As a result, Nokia began to face severe competition from companies like Google, Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Nokia Microsoft Alliance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and Apple, Inc. ho entered the market for high-end smartphones after 2007. Analysts said Nokia’s poor focus on software and the lack of the latest OS on its smartphones were the main reasons for its declining market share in the last years. In the autumn of 2010, Nokia faced three choice: the first was to keep developing its own OS, Symbian and MeeGo; the second was to adopt Google’s Android system; and the third was to go with Microsoft. The first option was dropped because of the long lead times that would be required to update Symbian and get MeeGo launched. Android dropped off the list because of the difficulties they were facing in â€Å"differentiating [ourselves] in that ecosystem †¦ [Going with Google] would have felt a bit like giving up†. In the smartphone industry, an ecosystem is the association of hardware developers (in this case Nokia), software developers and the builders of applications, ecommerce, advertising, social applications, multimedia services and the like. The last option – the partnership with Microsoft – was considered the best option. As a result, in September 2010 Nokia’s board appointed a new CEO, Stephen Elop, who was a former executive at Microsoft, to bring more of a focus on software and put the basis of NokiaMicrosoft partnership. Referring to this partnership and the attempt to prevent Google’s Android 1 OS and the Apple’s iPhone from owning the entire smartphone market, Mr. Elop said that â€Å"this is now a three-horse race†. Seated next to Mr. Elop in a London hotel auditorium, Mr. Ballmer said â€Å"this partnership with Nokia will accelerate – dramatically accelerate – our Windows phone ecosystem†. However, the partnership did not impress investors, who drove down Nokia’s shares in Europe at the beginning of February 2011. Analysts said the plunge was in good part due to Nokia’s warning of â€Å"significant uncertainties† over how the changes would affect the Finish company’s performance. Soon after taking over as CEO of Nokia, Elop sent out a memo to the employees emphasizing the need to bring about drastic changes at the company. On the other hand, Mr. Elop said the partnership with Microsoft was only part of Nokia’s strategy to recapture market share and improve profitability in a viciously competitive market, meanwhile extensive firings at both the senior management and factory level were expected in various parts of the world, including Finland. In a Reuters report, Finland’s Economy Minister Mauri Pekkarinen said that Nokia’s restructuring after the partnership with Microsoft â€Å"is the biggest structural reform which has ever impacted new technology in Finland†. As a result of the partnership agreement, Nokia’s hefty research and development budget would also come down. The partnership with Microsoft will see the fledgling Windows Phone 7 platform become the dominant platform on Nokia phones. This means that Nokia will eventually cease shipping phones equipped with its workhorse Symbian system, though the company still expected to sell another 150-million products in 2011. Microsoft Phone 7 was launched in 2010 and the first phones with the OS arrived on the market in October 2010; still, the system’s market share is tiny – no more than 3 per cent.